This book gives stateoftheart evaporative cooling tower techniques. Baltimore aircoil company cooling towers, evaporative. For most industrial manufacturing, electric power generation and even airconditioning needs, cooling towers are a critical element of the design. This is true whether the heat is generated in a critical process reactor or in an executive office building. Abstract this paper presents detailed methodology of a induced draft cooling tower of counter flow type in which its efficiency, effectiveness, characteristics are calculated. All industrial cooling water systems function for one purpose to remove unwanted heat. For greater cooling capacity, cooling towers use a fan to create more evaporation. A cooling tower is a heat rejection device that extracts waste heat to the. The thermal capability of a cooling tower used for air condition ing is often expressed in nominal cooling tower tons. Section a on cooling tower practice covers topics such as the design and operation of. This requires a rapid response, accurate detection and a tailored program to control biological growth. Section b is devoted to cooling tower theory and calculations. Mechanical draft cooling tower an overview sciencedirect topics.
Hvac water chillers and cooling towers provides fundamental principles and practical techniques for the design, application, purchase. Browse the amazon editors picks for the best books of 2019, featuring our favorite reads in more than a dozen categories. Cooling tower heat transfer fundamentals power engineering. Cooling tower systems guidance for energy efficient operation introduction in 2000 the introduction of the pilot scheme for water cooled air conditioning in hong kong offered opportunities for building owners to lower their air conditioning operating costs through the application of cooling tower systems for commercial air conditioning systems. This combination of annual energy use cooling tower range 9. Materials of construction manufacturers of cooling.
Calculate the water output temperature, or water cooling range. Hot water from heat exchangers is sent to the cooling tower. Cooling tower basins international district energy. The specific configuration of your system will depend on several things, including. The present paper is a detailed methodology for thermal design of cooling tower. Pdf design and performance analysis of the cooling tower in the. How water is used in a cooling tower system the diagram below illustrates water use in a cooling tower system. Hvac water chillers and cooling towers provides fundamental principles and practical techniques for the design. Since the end of the nineteenth century, cooling towers have formed a striking part of electricity and steel works. They reject process heat from the cooling water to atmosphere and keep the water cool.
There are important cooling tower heat transfer fundamentals and modern methods for maintaining proper chemistry control in cooling systems. Due to the mechanism, this type of cooling tower is also called an evaporative cooling tower. As this happens, the cooling water itself gets hot. Cooling towers are a special type of heat exchanger that allows water and air to come in contact with each other to lower the temperature of the hot water. This volume adds cooling towers to a list of photographic projects that includes booklength studies of water towers, blast furnaces, gas tanks, mineheads, and frame houses. Cooling tower efficiency calculation is described in this article. The theory of heat exchange in wet cooling towers is briefly summarized. Cooling tower efficiency calculations cooling tower approach. Fundamentals, application, and operation, second edition explores the major improvements in recent years to many chiller and cooling tower components that have resulted in improved performance and lower operating costs. Or it might include the use of industrial air washers in which. Nalco water will work with you to design a program from our complete line of oxidizing and nonoxidizing biocides, algaecides and biodispersants. W humidity ratio, kg waterkg air ws humidity ratio at saturation air, kg waterkg moist air relative humidity rh, % c constant related to cooling tower design m slope of tower characteristic curve 1liquidtogas ratio lg. The water leaving a cooling tower will never be as cool as the air entering the tower, but it comes close.
Download free mep calculation excel sheets, autocad drawings, and training courses for hvac, firefighting, plumbing. Some techniques refer to different methods used to increase the thermal performance of cooling tower. Typical closed loop cooling tower system is shown in figure 7. In any case where unwanted heat is generated, it is necessary to design a suitable cooling system that is capable of absorbing. Baltimore aircoil is the leading global manufacturer of cooling towers, closed circuit cooling towers, evaporative condensers, and ice thermal storage systems. A cooling tower is a natural air washer with water spraying over slats and. Cooling towers work on the principle of heat rejection. The following design data is required to select cooling towers. What type of cooling tower you have open circulating, oncethrough, or closed loop. Guide for energy efficient cooling tower design and operation. What is a cooling tower water treatment system and how. The economic optimization of recirculating cooling water systems includes. Cooling tower plays a major role in chemical process industry. Modifying the exchanger design so that the cooling water is on the tube side, promoting.
The air flows in the opposite direction to the flow of condenser water. Section a on cooling tower practice covers topics such as the design and. The towers themselves are enclosed, steadyflow devices for cooling water by evaporation through direct contact with air. A cooling tower is one of the larger items of equipment, in terms of ground area, that must be located on a site plan. These towers are basically used to remove excess heat that is generated in places such as power stations, chemical plants and even domestically in air conditioning units, and are relatively inexpensive and a dependable means of removing lowgrade heat from cooling water and have. This system consists of three main pieces of equipment. Cooling towers are constantly exposed to environmental contaminants and bacteria. Selection, design, and practice cheremisinoff, nicholas p on. Cooling water systems control these temperatures by transferring heat from hot process fluids into cooling water. Although, both range and approach should be monitored, the approach is a better indicator of cooling tower performance. Its most visible feature is the large, outdoor cooling tower that uses evaporation to release heat from the cooling water.
This material not only contains the water being recirculated through the cooling tower but also must structurally support a mechanical fan system, internal components, and water weight including a sump full of water. The water exits the cooling tower and is sent back to the exchangers or to other. Section a on cooling tower practice covers topics such as the design and operation of cooling towers. In the counter flow induced draft design, hot water enters at the top, while the. Also, the state of the outlet air from the cooling tower can be fully. May 2016 cooling system design cooling best practices. Honfiplante, honfiipe, in plant engineers reference book second edition, 2002. The fan pulls air through the filters at the bottom of the unit and move it up and out through the top of the cooling tower, passing through the fill packaging and drift eliminators.
Download cooling tower pumping and piping guide pdf hvac chilled water systems cooling towers pump and piping installation guide. Advances in cooling tower water treatment, compressor choices, temperature sensor basics and much more. Factors affecting the location of cooling towers, other than convenience to water supply and return, are the prevailing wind, noise, and access roads. Find books on cooling issues in the process cooling store. Evaporating water at the top of a cooling tower creates a downdraft of cooler air that can then be circulated to a specific space or area. For recirculating cooling water systems the costs of cooling network, cooling tower network and the water pump represent the 6070%, 3040% and 25% of the total cooling system cost, respectively. The difference between the leaving water temperature and the entering air wet bulb temperature is called the approach. The required cooling tower design and size will be a function of following values. Cooling tower types cooling towers fall into two main categories.
Also, the state of the outlet air from the coo ling tower can be fully determined with this model. Design of mechanical draftcooling tower and determination. When recirculating cooling water systems are used, the use of freshwater in the cooling network is significantly reduced i. A cooling tower is a heat rejection device which rejects waste heat to the atmosphere through the cooling of a. In a wet cooling tower, the water and air are in direct contact, which results in cooling. The current practice for cooling water network design most often uses parallel. Understanding the basics of cooling tower heat transfer. One helpful means to that end is the water cooling tower. A water legged discharge or discharge reducer will provide automatic. Cooling towers are devices used to transfer heat or cool water for reuse.
The amount of cool air from the tower is dependent on outdoor humidity, the height of the tower, and the amount of water being evaporated. Design of concrete basins for cooling towers ansihi 9. Optimal design of cooling water systems intechopen. The water exits the cooling tower and is sent back to the exchangers or to other units for further cooling. Climate considerations in building and urban design. During the cooling tower working process, small volumes of water evaporate, lowering the temperature of the water thats being circulated throughout the cooling tower. The largest cost driver of factory assembled cooling towers is the primary material that forms the casing of the cooling tower. This website requires certain cookies to work and uses other cookies to help you have the best experience. The technical data has been taken from a mechanical draft cooling tower.
Rutger botermans, peter smith, in advanced piping design, 2008. Cooling tower basics calculation formulas cooling tower. A cooling tower water treatment system is an arrangement of technologies that remove damaging impurities from your cooling tower feed water, circulation water, andor blowdown. The cooling water handbook a basic guide to understanding industrial cooling water systems. Hot water is pumped in from an outside source and sprayed into the tower. They represent a relatively inexpensive and dependable means of removing low grade heat from cooling water. There are many design guideline to assist engineers to understand the basic principles of cooling towers. Cooling tower fundamentals spx cooling technologies. They extract heat to the atmosphere through evaporative cooling. At these condi tions, the cooling tower rejects 15,000 btuih per nominal cooling tower ton.
This new edition looks at how climate change and green designs have significantly impacted the selection of refrigerants and the. Oncethrough cooling was a common design feature for large power plants in the last century, as the process could effectively supply the high volumes of water needed for turbine exhaust steam. Cooling tower efficiency calculations cooling tower efficiency calculation is described in this article. Before it can be used again, it must either be cooled or replaced by a fresh supply of cool water. The makeup water source is used to replenish water lost to evaporation.
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